| 1748 |
|
End of the War of the Austrian Succession
Peace of Aachen
Adam Smith begins giving public lectures in Edinburgh
Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws
Klopstock: Odes
Klopstock: The Messiah
February 6: Adam Weishaupt is born
Jeremy Bentham is born
|
| 1749 |
|
Goethe is born
Mirabeau is born
|
| 1750 |
|
The Little Ice Age (1500–1850) reaches its peak
September 14: The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar
Rousseau's essay: Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
July 28: Johann Sebastian Bach dies
Karl August von Hardenberg is born
Knigge is born
|
| 1753 |
|
Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod
Lazare Carnot is born |
| 1754 |
|
Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America
Christian Wolff dies
February 2: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand is born
August 23: Louis XVI is born
Karl Friedrich von Steiger is born
|
| 1755 |
|
The first English dictionary is published by Samuel Johnson
November 1: Lisbon is destroyed by an earthquake
Winckelmann: Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture ("noble simplicity and quiet grandeur")
Lessing: Miss Sara Sampson
Montesquieu dies
November 2: Marie Antoinette is born
November 17: The future Louis XVIII of France is born
|
| 1756 |
|
Beginning of the Seven Years' War (Prussia vs. Austria, England vs. France)
January 27: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is born |
| 1757 |
|
Pantheon in Paris is built
Marquis de Lafayette is born
Stein is born |
| 1758 |
|
Karl Leonhard Reinhold is born
May 6: Maximilien Robespierre is born
September 29: Horatio Nelson is born |
| 1759 |
|
Jan 15: The British Museum opens
Adam Smith: Theory of Moral Sentiments
Voltaire: Candide
April 14: Handel dies
October 28: Danton is born
Baron Maximilian von Montgelas is born
Friedrich Schiller is born |
| 1760 |
|
Russian army briefly occupies Berlin and Königsberg
Claude Henri de Saint-Simon is born
|
| 1761 |
|
January 16: The British capture Pondicherry, India, from the French
Gottlob Ernst Schulze ("Aenesidemus") is born
May 3: August von Kotzebue is born
|
| 1762 |
|
January 4: England declares war on Spain and Naples
Catherine the Great becomes Empress of Russia after the death of Peter III
Mozart's first public concert in Vienna (age 6)
Rousseau: 'The Social Contract', 'Emile'
J.G. Fichte is born
|
| 1763 |
|
End of the Seven Years' War |
| 1764 |
|
Feb 15: St. Louis (USA) is founded |
| 1765 |
|
Stamp Act
Mendelssohn: Phaedon, or On the Immortality of the Soul
March 27: Franz Xaver von Baader is born
Wilhelm von Humboldt is born
August Wilhelm von Schlegel">Schlegel is born |
| 1766 |
|
Lessing: Laocoön
February 14: Thomas Robert Malthus is born
September 6: John Dalton is born
Niethammer is born |
| 1767 |
|
Lessing: Minna von Barnhelm, Hamburg Dramaturgy
Georg Philipp Telemann dies
Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just is born
August Wilhelm Schlegel is born |
| 1768 |
|
The spinning jenny is invented
Volume 1 of the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica appears
Beginning of Cook's first voyage
November 21: Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher is born
Karl Ludwig von Haller is born |
| 1769 |
Sep 29: Hegel's parents, Georg Ludwig and Maria Magdalena, marry |
Aug 15: Napoleon Bonaparte is born
Alexander von Humboldt is born |
| 1770 |
G.W.F. Hegel is born |
Captain James Cook explores the east coast of Australia and claims it for Great Britain
Kant becomes professor at Königsberg
Baron Karl Sigmund von Altenstein is born
Ludwig van Beethoven is born
Friedrich Hölderlin is born
W.T. Krug is born
J.H.K. Hengstenberg is born |
| 1771 |
|
Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America
The 3rd and final volume of the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica appears
Discovery of oxygen
Goethe: Urfaust
August 14: Sir Walter Scott is born
Robert Owen is born
|
| 1772 |
|
First Partition of Poland
Final part of Diderot's Encyclopédie is published
Lessing: Emilia Galotti
Novalis is born
Friedrich von Schlegel is born
|
| 1773 |
A sister, Christiane, is born
Hegel attends the German school |
The British Tea Act is answered by the Boston Tea Party (December 16)
Prince Klemens Lothar Wenzel von Metternich is born
Goethe: Götz von Berlichingen
|
| 1774 |
|
Goethe: The Sorrows of Young Werther
Caspar David Friedrich is born
J.F. Fries is born |
| 1775 |
|
Beginning of the American War of Independence
January 22: André-Marie Ampère is born
William Turner is born
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling is born
|
| 1776 |
Enters the lower gymnasium.
Birth of his brother Georg Ludwig |
Declaration of Independence of the USA
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Benjamin Franklin becomes first US ambassador to Paris
May 1: Adam Weishaupt founds the Illuminati in Bavaria
Jan 10: Thomas Paine: Common Sense
Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Edward Gibbon: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Goethe: Wilhelm Meister
David Hume dies
Amedeo Avogadro is born
January 24: E.T.A. Hoffmann is born
Johann Friedrich Herbart is born
Heinrich von Kleist is born
|
| 1777 |
|
Jun 14: Stars and Stripes adopted by Congress as the flag of the United States
November 15: The Continental Congress of the United States adopts the Articles of Confederation
Jan 2: Daniel Christian Rauch is born
February 12: Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué is born
Apr 30: Carl Friedrich Gauss is born
|
| 1778 |
|
France signs a treaty of alliance with the Americans
James Cook discovers Hawaii
March 30: Voltaire dies
|
| 1779 |
|
Lessing: Nathan the Wise
Goethe: Iphigenia
February 14: James Cook dies in Hawaii
Friedrich Carl v. Savigny is born
June 30: Adam Müller is born |
| 1780 |
Hegel takes the regional examination (Landexamen) for the first time |
Maria Theresa (Austrian empress) dies
Joseph II begins ruling Austria
Fichte">Fichte enters the theological seminary in Jena
Lessing: The Education of the Human Race
Jul 1 [not Jun 1]: Carl von Clausewitz is born
|
| 1781 |
|
Herschel discovers the planet Uranus
May: Critique of Pure Reason
Schiller: The Robbers
Lessing dies
January 26: Achim von Arnim is born
January 30: Adelbert von Chamisso is born
|
| 1782 |
|
October 27: Niccolò Paganini is born
|
| 1783 |
September 20: Hegel's mother dies of "bilious fever"; Hegel himself is also gravely ill with it |
End of the American War of Independence, September 3: Treaty of Paris
The Montgolfier brothers demonstrate their hot-air balloon
Kant: Prolegomena
October 29: Jean Le Rond d'Alembert dies
|
| 1784 |
Begins in the autumn; Hegel is a student at the upper gymnasium |
The Illuminati order in Bavaria is banned by edicts of the Elector of Bavaria (on June 22, 1784, for its suppression, repeated in March and August 1785)
Fichte abandons his theology studies without a degree
Kant: Ideas for a Universal History
Kant: What Is Enlightenment?
Herder: Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (Part 1, further parts in 1785, 1787, and 1791)
Denis Diderot dies
Karl Friedrich Göschel is born
|
| 1785 |
|
January 1: The first issue of the Daily Universal Register, later known as The Times, appears in London
Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
Jacobi: 'On the Doctrine of Spinoza' (start of the Pantheism/Atheism Controversy, which begins as a debate between Jacobi and Mendelssohn over Lessing's alleged Spinozism)
January 4: Jacob Grimm is born
February 21: Karl August Varnhagen is born
|
| 1786 |
Anniversary celebration of the Stuttgart gymnasium. |
Frederick II of Prussia dies
Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro
Kant: Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science
Reinhold: Letters on the Kantian Philosophy
Moses Mendelssohn dies
Carl Maria von Weber is born
|
| 1787 |
|
September 17: The Constitution of the United States is completed.
Jan 11: Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus
Kant: Second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason
Friedrich Schiller: Don Carlos
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Don Giovanni
November 15: Christoph Willibald Gluck dies
March 16: Georg Ohm is born
|
| 1788 |
September: Hegel leaves the gymnasium; he delivers the graduation speech.
October: Admitted to the Stift (theological seminary) at the same time as Hölderlin.
Hegel begins his studies in the philosophical faculty |
January 28: The first penal colony is founded at Botany Bay, Australia
Jan 1: First issue of "The Times" (previously "Daily Universal"). February 1: Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent the steamboat
Fichte takes a position as house tutor with a family in Zurich
Kant: Critique of Practical Reason
J.G. Hamann dies
Arthur Schopenhauer is born
|
| 1789 |
|
Beginning of the French Revolution
George Washington is elected first US president
Mutiny of the 'Bounty'
Friedrich Schiller becomes professor of history in Jena
Augustin Louis Cauchy is born
|
| 1790 |
Hegel shares a room in the Stift with Hölderlin and Schelling.
September: Master's examination.
Enrollment in the theological faculty. |
The District of Columbia is established
Construction of the White House begins
Fichte leaves Zurich for Leipzig, where he begins studying under Kant
Kant: Critique of Judgment
Adam Smith dies
Benjamin Franklin dies
Friedrich List is born
|
| 1791 |
Hegel's future wife, Marie von Tucher, is born |
Beginning of the Haitian Revolution
Fichte travels to Warsaw in search of work, then to Königsberg to ask Kant for financial support, then to Danzig, where he again works as a house tutor
Sept: Kant: On the Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy
Reinhold: The Foundation of Philosophical Knowledge
Schiller begins reading Kant
Mozart: The Magic Flute — first public performance
December 5: W.A. Mozart dies
January 15: Franz Grillparzer is born
Apr 27: Samuel Morse is born
December 26: Charles Babbage is born
Michael Faraday is born
Leopold Dorotheus von Henning is born
|
| 1792 |
|
France becomes a republic
Beginning of the War of the First Coalition against France
September 20: Cannonade of Valmy
French troops conquer Belgium, the Rhineland, and Mainz
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle composes La Marseillaise, alias "Marche pour les armées du Rhin"
Franz Xaver Freiherr von Zach: "The Tables of the Sun"
Claude Chappe successfully demonstrates the first semaphore line between Paris and Lille
Fichte: Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation (initially taken for a work by Kant)
F.I. Niethammer, professor of theology and philosophy at Jena, publishes a defense of Fichte's Critique against the attacks that arose when it was recognized that Kant was not its author
Reinhold: Letters on the Kantian Philosophy, Vol. 2
Schelling completes his master's dissertation
February 29: Gioacchino Rossini is born
|
| 1793 |
May: Visit of the Archduke to the Tübingen Stift; revolutionary tendencies are investigated
June: Theological disputation.
From July, Hegel takes leave from the seminary and stays in Stuttgart
September 19–20: Consistorial examination
October: Begins his work as house tutor with K.F. von Steiger
Hegel converts from Jacobinism to Girondism |
January 21: Louis XVI is guillotined
Jul 13: Marat is assassinated
October 16: Marie Antoinette is executed
"Levée en masse," organized by Lazare Carnot in France
In June, Fichte lectures in Tübingen. He visits Bern
Kant (Easter): Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason
Schiller: On Grace and Dignity
|
| 1794 |
|
Feb 11: 1st session of the US Senate open to the public
April 4: Danton is guillotined
July 28: Robespierre is guillotined
Fichte succeeds Reinhold as professor at Jena
Fichte: Foundations of the Entire Science of Knowledge
January 16: Edward Gibbon dies
May 8: Antoine Lavoisier dies
Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm Hinrichs is born
|
| 1795 |
May: Trip to Geneva
Hegel subscribes to 'Die Horen' |
Directory in France
Founding of the "Batavian Republic" from the French-occupied Netherlands
Third partition of Poland
Niethammer founds the 'Philosophical Journal,' in which many of Fichte's essays will appear
Schiller: Die Horen (until 1797)
Schiller: On the Aesthetic Education of Man (in 'Die Horen')
December 4: Thomas Carlyle is born
|
| 1796 |
July: Hike through the Bernese Alps
August: Poem 'Eleusius' to Hölderlin
End of the year: Returns from Bern to Stuttgart |
Nov 17: Catherine the Great of Russia dies
Schiller: On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry
Fichte: Foundations of Natural Right
Schelling: On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy in General
Schelling: Of the I as Principle of Philosophy
T.G. von Hippel dies
Knigge dies
|
| 1797 |
January: Takes up the tutoring position with wine merchant J.N. Gogel in Frankfurt, arranged through Hölderlin |
May: Napoleon ends 1,070 years of independence for Venice, Italy
Peace of Campo Formio between France and Austria
Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals
Kant: Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right
Schelling: Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature
Hölderlin: Hyperion
Tieck: Puss in Boots
January 31: Franz Schubert is born
November 14: Charles Lyell is born
December 13: Heinrich Heine is born
|
| 1798 |
Cart's 'On the Former Political Relationship between the Vaud and the City of Bern' is published anonymously by Hegel in Frankfurt |
Helvetic Republic
The Pope is imprisoned by the French; the Vatican becomes a republic under French influence
June 12: The French take Malta
July: Napoleon invades Egypt
Congress of Rastatt (until 1799)
War of the Second Coalition against France
Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
Hölderlin leaves Frankfurt
Atheism controversy over Fichte
Schelling: On the World-Soul
Malthus: An Essay on the Principle of Population
Schiller: Wallenstein
Beethoven: Symphony No. 1
December 4: Luigi Galvani dies
Apr 26: Eugène Delacroix is born
Eduard Gans is born
|
| 1799 |
January: Death of Hegel's father in Stuttgart.
March: Hegel travels back to Stuttgart |
December: Napoleon is appointed First Consul of France
Baron Montgelas becomes chief advisor to the Bavarian king
The Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
July: The Rosetta Stone is discovered
Meeting of Schelling, the Schlegel brothers, Novalis, and Tieck in Jena
Schiller moves from Jena to Weimar
Atheism controversy:
Jan: Fichte: J.G. Fichte's Appeal to the Public against the Charge of Making Atheistic Statements
Mar: Fichte: Legal Defense of the Editor of the Philosophical Journal against the Charge of Atheism
Aug. Kant: "Open Letter on Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre," which repudiates Fichte
Sep: Jacobi: "Open Letter to Fichte," an expanded version of a letter to Fichte written earlier that spring
Reinhold's break with Fichte: over Jacobi's criticism and over his infatuation with Bardili's "logical realism"
Fichte loses his position at Jena and moves to Berlin, where he gives private lectures
Schelling: First Outline of a System of the Philosophy of Nature
Schelling: Introduction to the Outline of a System of Natural Philosophy, or On the Concept of Speculative Physics
Herder: Metacritique
Schleiermacher: On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers
Hölderlin: Hyperion, Vol. 2
George Washington dies
May 20: Honoré de Balzac is born
May 26: Alexander Pushkin is born
|
| 1800 |
Hegel makes a trip to Mainz, part of the French Republic since 1798 |
May 15: Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy
June 14: Battle of Marengo, Austrian forces defeated
September 5: British conquest of Malta
December 24: An assassination attempt on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris
Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
Infrared radiation is discovered by Herschel
Schiller: Wallenstein
Kant's last publication
Fichte: The Closed Commercial State
Fichte: The Vocation of Man
Schelling: System of Transcendental Idealism
Herder: Kalligone
|
| 1801 |
January: Hegel moves to Jena
September: Publication of his first philosophical book, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's System of Philosophy
August 27: Habilitation thesis, in Latin, on the orbits of the planets, submitted
First meetings with Goethe
Hegel becomes an unsalaried Privatdozent
|
Peace of Lunéville
Thomas Jefferson is sworn in as US president in the new capital, Washington
Union of Great Britain and Ireland
Fichte: "A Crystal Clear Report to the General Public on the Actual Essence of the Newest Philosophy: An Attempt to Force the Reader to Understand." He writes of Schelling as his "intellectual colleague." Nevertheless, the beginning of difficulties between Schelling and Fichte
Schelling: Presentation of My System of Philosophy
January 1: Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the first asteroid, Ceres
J. Haydn: The Seasons
F. Schiller: The Maid of Orleans
Novalis dies
November 1: Vincenzo Bellini is born
L. Michelet is born
|
| 1802 |
Hegel and F.W.J. Schelling found the Critical Journal of Philosophy (until 1803)
Hegel: The Relationship of Skepticism to Philosophy, to Faith, and to Knowledge |
March 25: Peace of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom
August 2: Plebiscite confirms Napoleon Bonaparte as Consul for life
September 11: The Italian region of Piedmont becomes part of France
October: French army invades Switzerland
US Military Academy founded at West Point
Schelling: Bruno, or On the Divine and Natural Principle of Things
Schelling: Further Presentation of My System of Philosophy
A. Ruge is born
February 26: Victor Hugo is born
July 24: Alexandre Dumas is born
Heinrich Gustav Hotho is born
|
| 1803 |
|
Britain declares war on France
April 30: The USA purchases the Louisiana Territory and New Orleans from the French
Metternich becomes Austrian ambassador to Berlin
Robert Fulton propels a boat with steam power
J.L. Tieck's translation of the Minnelieder leads to the study of Old German literature
F. Schiller: The Bride of Messina
Klopstock dies
December 18: Johann Gottfried von Herder dies
May 12: Justus von Liebig is born
December 11: Hector Berlioz is born
|
| 1804 |
Hegel becomes a member of two natural history societies
'Geognostic journey' into the Harz Mountains, also visits Göttingen and Westphalia |
January 1: French Saint-Domingue becomes the independent Republic of Haiti
The Code civil comes into effect
Napoleon prepares to invade England
December 2: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor
December 12: Spain declares war on Great Britain
F. Hölderlin's translations of Sophocles' tragedies into German
Jean Paul: Flegeljahre
F. Schiller: William Tell
Schelling: Philosophy and Religion
Schelling: System of Philosophy in General and of Natural Philosophy in Particular
Schelling: Propaedeutic of Philosophy
February 12: Immanuel Kant dies (80)
Jacques Necker dies
Ludwig Feuerbach is born
|
| 1805 |
Hegel is appointed extraordinary professor, without pay |
War of the Third Coalition against France
May 26: Napoleon becomes King of Italy
October 21: Battle of Trafalgar
December 2: Napoleon defeats the combined Russian-Austrian forces at Austerlitz
May 9: Schiller dies
October 21: Horatio Nelson dies
April 2: Hans Christian Andersen is born
July 29: Alexis de Tocqueville is born
Mazzini is born
Karl Rosenkranz is born
|
| 1806 |
Oct: Completion of the later 'Phenomenology of Spirit' (except for the preface) |
Jan 19: Great Britain occupies the Cape of Good Hope
January 30: Prussia takes possession of Hanover
Holy Roman Empire dissolved by Emperor Francis II
Confederation of the Rhine is formed
Württemberg becomes a kingdom
Metternich becomes Austrian ambassador to Paris
October 14: Prussia is defeated in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
October 27: Napoleon occupies Berlin
Great Britain declares a blockade of the French coast
November 21: With the Berlin Decrees, Napoleon initiates the "Continental System," closing continental ports to British shipping and declaring all British ports blockaded
J.F. Herbart: German Education
J.G. Fichte: Report on the Wissenschaftslehre
May 20: John Stuart Mill is born
John Sterling is born
Max Stirner is born
|
| 1807 |
Jan: Completion of the preface to the 'Phenomenology of Spirit'
February 5: Birth of his illegitimate son, Ludwig Fischer
March: Moves to Bamberg; editor of the Bamberger Zeitung
April: Publication of the 'System of Science: Part One: The Phenomenology of Spirit' |
French troops occupy Königsberg
Peace of Tilsit between Prussia and France
Prussian reforms under Prime Minister von Stein
The slave trade is abolished in the British Empire
Fichte is appointed professor at Königsberg but leaves the city (for Copenhagen) when French troops threaten to occupy East Prussia. Returns to Berlin after the Peace of Tilsit
Garibaldi is born
|
| 1808 |
November: Hegel becomes headmaster of the gymnasium in Nuremberg |
January 1: The importation of slaves into the USA is prohibited
Metternich becomes the new Austrian foreign minister
Congress of Erfurt
December 13: Madrid capitulates to Napoleon.
L. van Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 (op. 67) and Symphony No. 6, "Pastoral"
J.G. Fichte: Addresses to the German Nation
K.F. Eichhorn: History of German Law
F. Schlegel: On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians
J.F. Fries: New Critique of Reason
Alexander Humboldt: Views of Nature
J.W. Goethe: Faust, Part One, published as a book
February 5: Carl Spitzweg is born
January 27: David Friedrich Strauss is born
|
| 1809 |
|
May: Napoleon conquers Vienna, is excommunicated, takes Pope Pius VII captive
James Madison becomes the fourth president of the USA
Lamarck: Philosophie Zoologique
David Ricardo: The High Price of Bullion, a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes
J.W. Goethe: Elective Affinities
Schelling: Of Human Freedom
August Schlegel: Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature
May 31: Joseph Haydn dies
January 19: Edgar Allan Poe is born
February 3: Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy is born
February 12: Charles Darwin is born
February 12: Abraham Lincoln is born
Bruno Bauer is born
|
| 1810 |
|
K.W. von Humboldt, as Prussian minister of education, reforms the gymnasiums and introduces the pre-university school-leaving examination (Abitur)
Founding of the University of Berlin with J.G. Fichte as rector
June 4: Hardenberg becomes the new Prussian chancellor
January 10: Napoleon's marriage to Josephine is annulled
February 11: Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria
July: Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland
East Frisia, Oldenburg, Hamburg, and Bremen become French
King George III of England is declared insane
H. von Kleist: The Prince of Homburg
J.W. Goethe: Theory of Colours
G.F. Creuzer: Symbolism of Antiquity
March 1: Frédéric Chopin is born
Robert Schumann is born
|
| 1811 |
September: Hegel marries Marie von Tucher |
March: Luddites destroy machinery in Nottingham and Yorkshire towns
Turnvater Jahn begins his public work
Berthold Niebuhr: Roman History
J.W. Goethe: My Life, Poetry and Truth
Adam Weishaupt dies
October 22: Franz Liszt is born
|
| 1812 |
Volume 1 of the 'Science of Logic' appears
Hegel's brother Ludwig dies in Russia
First daughter Marie dies 1 month after birth
|
June 8: The US Congress approves war against Great Britain (the formal declaration follows on the 19th)
June 24: Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia begins
August 16: General William surrenders Detroit to British forces, upending the US plan to invade Canada
September 14: French troops take Moscow
October 19: Retreat of Napoleon's "Grande Armée" due to Russian resistance; only a few return alive
Dec: Prussia and Russia sign a neutrality treaty
J.G. Fichte: Transcendental Philosophy
J. and W. Grimm: Fairy Tales
P. Laplace: Analytical Theory of Probabilities
Reinhold dies
February 7: Charles Dickens is born
|
| 1813 |
Hegel becomes school inspector
Volume 2 of the 'Science of Logic' appears
June 7: Son Karl Hegel is born |
February 28: Alliance between Prussia and Russia
March 16: Prussia declares war on France
Oct 16–19: Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
Apr 8: Joseph Lagrange dies
May 5: Søren Kierkegaard is born
May 22: Richard Wagner is born
October 9: Giuseppe Verdi is born
|
| 1814 |
Sept 24: Son Immanuel is born |
April: Napoleon abdicates
May 30: Napoleon is exiled to Elba
Congress of Vienna
Restoration of Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne
Restoration of the French Bourbon kings (Louis XVIII)
December 24: The Treaty of Ghent ends the war between Great Britain and the USA
Stephenson adapts the steam engine for the railway
Görres: Rheinischer Merkur
Madame Germaine de Staël: De l'Allemagne
January 27: Johann Gottlieb Fichte dies
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin is born
|
| 1815 |
Hegel visits Munich |
January 8: Before news of the Peace of Ghent arrives, the Battle of New Orleans takes place, in which the British are defeated within half an hour
March 1: Napoleon returns to France
June 18: The Duke of Wellington and Gebhard von Blücher defeat Napoleon at Waterloo; June 22: Napoleon abdicates for the second time, having been given the choice by the French chambers to resign or be deposed
August 2: By an agreement between Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia, Napoleon's custody is left to British decision, and he is exiled to St. Helena (arriving on the 17th)
September 26: Founding of the "Holy Alliance" by Emperor Francis I of Austria, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia
November 20: 2nd Peace of Paris
Founding of the German Confederation
Organization of the German student fraternities (Burschenschaften)
Schelling: Ages of the World
T.R. Malthus: An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent
F.K. von Savigny: History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages
April 1: Otto von Bismarck is born
|
| 1816 |
Third volume of the Science of Logic is published
University professor at Heidelberg |
Argentina achieves independence from Spain
The "Year Without a Summer," caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora
Niebuhr discovers the Institutes of Gaius in Verona
K.L. von Haller: Restoration of Political Science, Vol. 1
Goethe: Italian Journey
Schopenhauer: On Vision and Colors
|
| 1817 |
1st edition of the 'Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences'
Co-editor of the Heidelberg Yearbooks
'Proceedings of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Württemberg 1815–1816' |
March 4: James Monroe is inaugurated as fifth president of the USA
Apr 28: Rush-Bagot Agreement between Great Britain and the USA limits naval forces on the Great Lakes
September 23: Spain agrees, by treaty with Great Britain, to end the slave trade
October 18: The Wartburg Festival reveals the revolutionary tendencies of German students meeting in Jena to celebrate the anniversaries of Luther's death and the Battle of Leipzig
David Ricardo: On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
July 12: Henry David Thoreau is born
November 30: Theodor Mommsen is born
|
| 1818 |
Oct 5: Moves to Berlin, succeeding J.G. Fichte as professor
October 22: Inaugural lecture
November 28: Hegel becomes a member of the Gesetzlose Gesellschaft (Lawless Society) |
Constitutions established in the states of southwest Germany
February 12: Chile achieves independence from Spain
May 5: Karl Marx is born
May 25: Jacob Burckhardt is born
|
| 1819 |
Hegel visits the island of Rügen |
Karl Ludwig Sand, a student influenced by Fries, assassinates the right-wing playwright August von Kotzebue
Carlsbad Decrees
January 17: Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Colombia
February 6: Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founds Singapore
June 20: The first steam-powered ship to cross the Atlantic arrives in Liverpool from Savannah, Georgia
Jacobi dies
May 24: The future Queen Victoria is born
May 31: Walt Whitman is born
June 20: Jacques Offenbach is born
September 13: Clara Schumann is born
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| 1820 |
Autumn: Hegel's first trip to Dresden |
Feb 6: 86 free African American colonists sail from NY to Freeport, Sierra Leone
Mar 30: Duc de Richelieu reinstates censorship of the French press
Revolutions in Spain, Portugal, and Naples
Argentina establishes a penal colony in the Falkland Islands
January 30: Edward Bransfield discovers Antarctica
Venus de Milo found on the island of Melos
Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the connection between electricity and magnetism
Malthus: Principles of Political Economy
Friedrich Engels is born
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| 1821 |
October: Publication of the "Philosophy of Right" (Natural Law and Political Science in Outline: Elements of the Philosophy of Right)
2nd trip to Dresden
Hegel becomes dean of the philosophical faculty for one year. |
Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Greek War of Independence
Saint-Simon: On the Industrial System
J. Mill: Autobiography
Goethe: Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years
February 23: John Keats dies
April 9: Charles Baudelaire is born
May 5: Napoleon I dies on St. Helena
August 31: Hermann Helmholtz is born
October 13: Rudolf Virchow is born
October 30: Fyodor Dostoevsky is born
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| 1822 |
Hegel writes the preface to Hinrichs's book on the philosophy of religion
The Hallesche Allgemeine Zeitung publishes an attack on Hegel, and Hegel fails in his attempt to have the government intervene on his behalf
October: First trip to the Rhineland, Belgium, and the Netherlands; visits van Ghert in Brussels |
Oct 12: Pedro I is proclaimed constitutional emperor of the Brazilian Empire
December 14: The Congress of Verona ends, having ignored the Greek War of Independence
Hardenberg dies; Altenstein remains the sole reformer (and Hegel's only ally) in the Prussian government
Hieroglyphics are deciphered by Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion with the help of the Rosetta Stone
Galileo's "Dialogue" is removed from the Roman Catholic Church's list of banned books
Lamarck: Natural History of Invertebrate Animals
July 24: E.T.A. Hoffmann dies (46)
Lazare Carnot dies in Magdeburg
January 6: Heinrich Schliemann is born
Gregor Mendel is born
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| 1823 |
Trip to Leipzig |
Monroe Doctrine
Olbers' paradox described by German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers
Eckermann becomes Goethe's private secretary
Friedrich Schleiermacher: The Christian Faith
Ernest Renan is born
|
| 1824 |
Sept/Oct: Trip to Vienna via Dresden and Prague
November 4: Hegel writes to the Prussian police on behalf of Victor Cousin |
Charles X becomes King of France
Nov: In the US presidential election, none of the four candidates has a majority; the House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams president.
Beethoven: Ninth Symphony
James Mill: Essays on Government
Leopold von Ranke's History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations founds modern historiography
J.F. Herbart: Psychology as Science. March 2: Bedřich Smetana is born
March 12: Gustav Kirchhoff is born
September 4: Anton Bruckner is born
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| 1825 |
|
March 4: John Quincy Adams is sworn in as sixth president of the USA.
Oct 26: Opening of the Erie Canal (connecting Albany, NY, to Lake Erie)
Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway (first railway line in England)
January 3: Robert Owen founds the first utopian community in America at New Harmony, Indiana
Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormons, claims to have had his vision
Comte de Saint-Simon: New Christianity
Franz Schubert: "Death and the Maiden" quartet
Jean Paul dies
October 25: Johann Strauss II is born
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| 1826 |
Hegel: On a Complaint about a Public Defamation of the Catholic Religion
Hegel: 'On the Converts,' for the Berliner Schnellpost
July 23: Founding of the Yearbooks for Scientific Criticism
Ludwig Fischer leaves the Hegel household (probable date) |
University College London and the University of Munich are founded
First railway tunnel (Liverpool-Manchester Railway)
Franz Xaver von Baader becomes professor in Munich
F. Mendelssohn: Music to A Midsummer Night's Dream
James Fenimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans
Heinrich Heine: Pictures of Travel, I
J. v. Eichendorff: Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing
Jul 4: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die
|
| 1827 |
2nd, greatly expanded edition of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
August–October: Trip to Paris, visits Lazare Carnot in Magdeburg, visits Cousin in Paris
Return journey via the Rhineland, Belgium (2nd visit to van Ghert, discusses Ludwig Fischer with him), the Netherlands, Weimar (visits Goethe)
Publishes 'On the Episode of the Mahabharata Known as the Bhagavad Gita, by Wilhelm von Humboldt' in the Yearbooks for Scientific Criticism |
Schelling: On the History of Modern Philosophy
Heine: Book of Songs
March 5: Pierre-Simon Laplace dies (77)
Mar 26: Ludwig van Beethoven dies (56)
|
| 1828 |
Review of Hamann's writings and review of Solger in the Yearbooks for Scientific Criticism |
Thomas Carlyle's essay on Goethe draws the attention of English readers to German literature
S.T. Coleridge: On the Constitution of Church and State
November 19: Franz Schubert dies (31)
February 8: Jules Verne is born
March 20: Henrik Ibsen is born
September 9: Leo Tolstoy is born
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| 1829 |
Hegel publishes his review of Göschel's 'Aphorisms on Ignorance and Absolute Knowledge' in the Yearbooks for Scientific Criticism
Hegel is elected rector of the University of Berlin
September: 2nd trip to Prague; visits the spa at Karlsbad, where he happens to meet Schelling; visits Goethe on the return journey |
March 4: Andrew Jackson is sworn in as US president.
Aug 9: First steam locomotive runs in the USA (Baltimore-Ohio)
First edition of the Encyclopedia Americana
Joseph Smith publishes "The Book of Mormon"
James Mill: Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind
Friedrich von Schlegel dies
January 3: Konrad Duden is born
February 2: Alfred Brehm is born
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| 1830 |
Third edition of the 'Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences'
March 6: Dinner with the royal family, at which Hölderlin is remembered
June 25: Latin speech on the tercentenary of the Augsburg Confession |
July Revolution in France; Louis Philippe becomes King of France
Belgian Revolution
October 4: Founding of the state of Belgium after separation from the Netherlands
First Polish uprising
Greece achieves independence from the Ottoman Empire
First long-distance railway (Manchester-Liverpool) begins operation
Charles Lyell: Principles of Geology
F.J. Stahl: Philosophy of Right
Auguste Comte: Course of Positive Philosophy
December 17: Simón Bolívar dies (47)
|
| 1831 |
Essay 'On the English Reform Bill of 1831' (Part 1 published, Part 2 censored)
Ludwig Fischer dies
Revision of the Science of Logic, Volume I, including a new preface (published 1832)
Hegel signs a contract for the publication of the "Lectures on the Proofs of the Existence of God" (later published by Marheinecke)
Hegel signs a contract for a 2nd revised edition of the 'Phenomenology of Spirit' (the revision was completed only up to page 35)
November 14: Hegel dies
November 16: The rector of the University of Berlin, the Hegelian Marheinecke, delivers a speech in Hegel's honor.
Hegel is buried in the Dorotheenstadt Cemetery in Berlin next to the graves of Fichte and Solger, as Hegel had wished.
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Cholera arrives in Europe
Honoré de Balzac: La Comédie Humaine (The Human Comedy)
December 27: Charles Darwin sets sail aboard HMS Beagle
Goethe: Faust II
Berthold Niebuhr dies
Carl von Clausewitz dies
Stein dies
October 6: Richard Dedekind is born
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| 1832 |
A complete [edition of Hegel's works (the 'Freundesausgabe,' or 'Edition of Friends')](/en/editions#werke.-vollst%C3%A4ndige-ausgabe-durch-einen-verein-von-freunden-des-verewigten.-18-bde.-berlin-1832-1845.)
appears in 21 volumes between 1832 and 1845, edited by the 'Friends of the Departed' |
The Democratic Party of the USA is founded
February 12: Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands
Giuseppe Mazzini founds "Young Italy."
Comte: Cours de philosophie positive, 6 vols. (Lectures on Positive Philosophy) Goethe: Faust II (published after Goethe's death)
March 22: Goethe dies
June 6: Jeremy Bentham dies
January 6: Gustave Doré is born
January 23: Édouard Manet is born
January 27: Lewis Carroll is born
August 16: Wilhelm Wundt is born
|
| 1833 |
|
The Zollverein (customs union) is founded by Friedrich List
January 3: Great Britain takes control of the Falkland Islands
April 3: An attempt by revolutionaries in Germany to seize the Frankfurt Diet in protest against the articles of June 1832 is easily suppressed
Dec: The General Trades Union in New York unites all unions into a single organization
Charles Babbage describes his analytical engine
Discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, by Anselme Payen
G.E. Schulze ("Aenesidemus") dies
May 7: Johannes Brahms is born
October 21: Alfred Nobel is born
Wilhelm Dilthey is born
|
| 1834 |
|
Spanish Inquisition suppressed
The East India Company's monopoly on the China trade ends
Fire in the British Houses of Parliament
British Poor Law Amendment Act
August 1: Abolition of slavery in the British colonies
December 23: Thomas Malthus dies
Friedrich Schleiermacher dies
January 7: Johann Philipp Reis is born
February 7: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev is born
July 19: Edgar Degas is born
Ernst Haeckel is born
|
| 1835 |
|
First German railway, Nuremberg-Fürth
David Friedrich Strauss: The Life of Jesus, which claims that none of the Gospels is factually accurate
A. de Tocqueville: Democracy in America
J. Grimm: German Mythology
Büchner: Danton's Death
September 23: Vincenzo Bellini dies
Wilhelm von Humboldt dies
November 30: 'Mark Twain' (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens) is born
|
| 1836 |
|
March 6: Fort Alamo falls
Beginning of the Chartist movement
Communist League founded in Paris
R.W. Emerson's "Nature" establishes Transcendentalism
Karl Immermann: Epigonen
Schopenhauer: On the Will in Nature
January 27: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch is born
July 8: Joseph Chamberlain is born
Sri Ramakrishna is born
|
| 1837 |
|
Victoria is crowned Queen of the United Kingdom
December 29: The King of Hanover dismisses seven professors of the University of Göttingen, including the Grimm brothers, for opposing the suspension of the constitution
Samuel Morse invents the telegraph
James Dana: System of Mineralogy
Thomas Carlyle: The French Revolution
W.H. Prescott: Ferdinand and Isabella
Immanuel H. Fichte founds the 'Journal for Philosophy'
C. Dickens: Oliver Twist
February 10: Alexander Pushkin dies
|
| 1838 |
|
Beginning of the First Anglo-Afghan War
Altenstein is replaced by Eichhorn as Prussian minister of education (no more protection for the Hegelians)
Proteins are discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius
January 16: Franz Brentano is born
July 8: Ferdinand von Zeppelin is born
October 25: Georges Bizet is born
Ernst Mach is born
|
| 1839 |
|
January 19: The British East India Company captures Aden
January 20: Battle of Yungay: Chile defeats a Peruvian-Bolivian alliance
First long-distance German railway, Leipzig-Dresden
Michael Faraday: Experimental Researches in Electricity
January 19: Paul Cézanne is born
March 21: Modest Mussorgsky is born
Charles S. Peirce is born
|
| 1840 |
|
January 22: British colonists reach New Zealand. Official founding date of Wellington
Frederick William IV becomes the new King of Prussia
R. Wagner: Faust Overture
J.F. Cooper: The Pathfinder
E.A. Poe: Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque
P.J. Proudhon: What Is Property?
May 14: Altenstein dies
May 27: Niccolò Paganini dies
April 2: Émile Zola is born
November 12: Auguste Rodin is born
November 14: Claude Monet is born
|
| 1841 |
|
January 26: Great Britain occupies the territory of Hong Kong
Schelling moves from Munich to Berlin to take up Hegel's former professorship. At the behest of the new king, he is to use his lectures to "root out the dragon seed of Hegelianism"
Ludwig Feuerbach: The Essence of Christianity
Friedrich List: The National System of Political Economy
List is offered the position of chief editor of the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung." When he declines, the position is offered to Karl Marx
Rudolf Lotze: Metaphysics
David Livingstone begins his missionary work in Africa
A.H. Hoffmann: Germany, Germany Above All
T. Carlyle: On Heroes and Hero-Worship
Marx: Dissertation on Democritus and Epicurus
Kierkegaard: Trip to Berlin, attends Schelling's lectures
Kierkegaard: Master's thesis, 'On the Concept of Irony'
May 23: Franz Xaver von Baader dies
Herbart dies
February 25: Pierre-Auguste Renoir is born
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